- Title
- Extraction of cellulose nano-whiskers using ionic liquid-assisted ultra-sonication: Optimization and mathematical modelling using Box-Behnken design
- Creator
- Chowdhury, Zaira Zaman; Chandran, R. Reevenishaa Ravi; Hamizi, Nor Aliya Binti; Wahab, Yasmin Abdul; Johan, Rafie Bin; Adebisi, Ganiyu Abimbola; Jahan, Afrin; Khalid, Khalisanni; Rahman, Md Mahfujur; Al-Amin, Md; Akbarzadeh, Omid; Badruddin, Irfan Anjum; Khan, T. M. Yunus; Kamangar, Sarfaraz
- Relation
- Symmetry Vol. 11, Issue 9, no. 1148
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091148
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2019
- Description
- This study focuses on the extraction of cellulose nano-whiskers (CNWs) from the leaves of Adansonia kilima (AK), usually known as African baobab, using a combination of a microwave-assisted alkali (KOH) pre-treatment with subsequent bleaching process prior to ultra-sonication. Ultra-sonication was carried out using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (Bmim-HSO4). Process parameters for ultra-sonication were optimized using a two-level factorial Box–Behnken design (BBD). Process variables such as ultra-sonication power (x1), hydrolysing time (x2) and temperature (x3) were varied. Responses selected were percentage crystallinity index, CrI% (y1) and yield% (y1) for the finally procured CNWs sample. Regression analysis was carried out to develop quadratic model to analyze the effect of process variables on IL-assisted ultra-sonication process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that ultra-sonication power was the most influential aspect for hydrolyzing the amorphous segments of crude cellulose extracted from baobab leaves. A relative study of the physio-chemical properties of the starting lignocellulosic substrate (AK), KOH pre-treated, bleached and IL-assisted ultra-sonicated CNWs was conducted. The synthesized samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric and zeta potential analysis. Under optimum condition, the extracted CNWs showed an average width of 15–20 nm; with high crystallinity index of 86.46%. This research provides an insight about the delignification of Adansonia kilima (AK) leaves and its effective conversion to CNWs having high crystallinity.
- Subject
- ionic liquid (IL); crystallinity index; Crl%; cellulose nano-whiskers (CNWs); analysis of variance (ANOVA); Box-Behnken design (BBD)
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1509113
- Identifier
- uon:56206
- Identifier
- ISSN:2073-8994
- Language
- eng
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